Opinion – Beyond Land Constraints: How Floating Solar Delivers 8–15% Higher Efficiency For India

India is embarking on an ambitious path towards an energy transition, aiming for 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030 and working towards achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. The traditional approach has always been dependent significantly on ground-mounted solar farms. Yet, in a nation with nearly 1.46 billion people, the rising cost of land poses a major challenge, threatening the pace and scale of deployment. As a result, this historical challenge has prompted India to look for solutions outside its borders, utilizing its extensive network of inland water bodies, comprising approximately 14,500 km of rivers, canals, creeks, etc. This pursuit has opened the door to an innovative technology known as floating solar photovoltaics.

The Present Advantage

Floating solar photovoltaics utilizes an innovative method to tackle land constraints. However, its real game-changing advantage is found in significantly improved operational efficiency. Ground-mounted solar panels suffer a drop in efficiency when temperatures rise above 25°C. Unlike traditional systems, floating arrays utilize the natural cooling effects of the water below. Studies indicate that floating solar photovoltaic modules can produce 8% to 35.9% more energy than conventional land-based systems in similar weather. This notable increase in efficiency enhances grid stability and bolsters energy security.

Moreover, floating solar photovoltaic systems offer an important dual benefit as they contribute to water conservation. Specifically, by casting shade over a section of the water surface, these panels significantly minimize evaporation losses. A techno-economic assessment of a 125 MW floating solar photovoltaic project at the Idukki Reservoir in Kerala shows that the system is expected to reduce water evaporation by about 18.68 million liters each year. This combination of clean energy production and water conservation makes floating solar photovoltaics especially beneficial for India, a country dealing with growing water scarcity.

The design of floating solar photovoltaic systems holds immense importance. It should include strong floaters, safe anchoring systems as well as advanced moisture protection. This design ensures structural integrity and durability, which are essential for maximizing energy conversion efficiency and extending the system’s lifespan in water environments.

Scaling Up: Potential and Economic Viability

Although the global capacity of floating solar is still relatively small—under 10 GW compared to more than 1,000 GW for ground-mounted solar—India is set to take the lead in significantly expanding this sector. The nation has an estimated potential for floating solar photovoltaics ranging from 280 to 300 GW across its many reservoirs. Therefore, several states have already begun pilot projects to tap into this potential.

Furthermore, from an economic standpoint, floating solar projects are quickly nearing cost competitiveness with ground-mounted systems. The feasibility study conducted in Idukki demonstrated strong financial viability, with a levelised cost of electricity (LCoE) of INR 3.07/kWh and an attractive payback period of 10 years. Additionally, the environmental benefits are evident: this project is projected to prevent around 3.98 million tonnes of CO2 emissions throughout its 25-year lifespan.

The Future: A Global Pioneer

Moving forward, the focus is on addressing current challenges. These include standardizing equipment, developing tailored site eligibility criteria, and promoting local production of floating structures. As costs keep decreasing due to technological advancements and heightened market competition, floating solar photovoltaics is poised to evolve from a niche option to a mainstream energy solution. India’s creative deployment strategy, bolstered by its vast water resources, positions the country not only as a consumer but also as a leader in floating solar technology in South Asia and around the world. Ultimately, by leveraging the potential of its water bodies, India is making sure it meets its goal of 500 GW of renewable energy in a manner that is effective, sustainable, and secure, thereby strengthening its role in the global battle against climate change.