According to a global study, India is the most cost-effective country for generating rooftop solar energy at USD 66 per megawatt-hour. Rooftop solar photovoltaics account for 40 % of the global solar photovoltaics installed capacity and one-fourth of the total renewable capacity additions.
The study is co-authored by Priyadarshi Shukla, a professor at Ahmedabad University and director of the Global Center for Environment and Energy; Shivika Mittal from Imperial College, London; and James Glynn from Columbia University. The team was led by researcher Siddharth Joshi from the SFI Research Center for Energy, Climate and Marine, MaREI at University College Cork.
Due to the lower cost, rooftop solar photovoltaics (RTSPV) technology, such as roof-mounted solar panels used in homes, and commercial and industrial buildings, is currently the fastest deployable energy generation technology. This, according to this global study, is projected to fulfil up to 49 % of the global electricity demand by 2050.
Over the past decade, the massive drop in deployment cost coupled with policy-driven initiatives has led to a rapid uptake of RTSPV globally. Between 2006 and 2018, the installed capacity of the RTSPV has grown from 2.5 gigawatts (GW) to 213 GW.
According to the study, India has a significant solar rooftop potential of 1.7 petawatt-hour per year. This is against the country’s current electricity demand of 1.3 petawatt-hour per annum, it said.
To understand the electricity generation potential of RTSPV globally and its associated costs, the study mapped 130 million square km of the global land surface area to identify 0.2 million sq km of rooftop area using a machine learning algorithm.
This rooftop area was then analysed to document the global electricity generation potential of RTSPV and together represent 27 petawatt-hour per year of electricity generation potential for cost between USD 40 and USD 280 per megawatt-hour and of this, USD 10 per megawatt-hour can be realised below USD 100.
The cost of attaining the potential is the lowest in India (at USD 66 per megawatt-hour) and China at USD 68, while the same is at USD 238 per megawatt-hour in the US, and USD 251 per megawatt-hour in England, said the study.
The global potential of RTSPV is 27 petawatt-hour per year and the global average megawatt-hour cost for this varies in the range of USD 40-280 per megawatt-hour with the greatest energy generation potential in Asia.
The global potential is predominantly spread between Asia (47 %), North America (20 %) and Europe (13 %), according to the study.
The second cheapest market for this method is China where it is pegged at USD 68 per megawatt-hour — USD 2 higher than the potential Indian rate, while England and the US are among the costliest.
Maharashtra, with 181 terawatt-hour per year and Uttar Pradesh with 168.07 terawatt-hour per year have the highest solar rooftop potential in the country now.
The average cost of obtaining solar rooftop potential in India will be between USD 60 and USD 65 per megawatt-hour, with Gujarat and Rajasthan offering the lowest rates, according to the study.
The findings have an important implication for sustainable development and climate change mitigation efforts. The International Solar Alliance, a joint initiative launched by India and France, is planning to mobilise USD 1 trillion in investments by 2030 to increase penetration of solar energy.
The Rooftop solar photovoltaics technology as a subset of the solar photovoltaic electricity generation portfolio can be deployed as a decentralised system either by individual homeowners or by large industrial and commercial complexes, the study said.
